Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections
What causes a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
Most UTIs are caused by bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract. The most common culprit is a kind of bacteria called E. coli. Infection can occur when these bacteria travel to the vagina, urethra and bladder.
Is a UTI just a bladder infection, and does it need to be treated?
A urinary tract infection (UTI) can affect any part of the urinary system—bladder, kidneys, urethra or ureters—and cause a range of symptoms, from irritating to serious.
Urethritis—infection and inflammation of the urethra
Pyelonephritis—infection of the kidneys
Cystitis—infection of the bladder
Getting prompt treatment for a UTI can make you feel better quickly and reduce the risk of complications. There are also steps you can take to reduce the likelihood of recurrence.
What are risk factors for UTIs?
While anyone can develop a UTI, these infections are much more common in women than men. That’s because the urethra is shorter in women and positioned closer to the anus, making it easier for bacteria to get into the urinary tract. Many women experience more than one UTI during their lifetime. Along with female anatomy, other common risk factors include:
Having had a UTI before
Having had urinary tract surgery
Sexual activity—sexually active women tend to have more UTIs, and having a new sexual partner also increases the risk
Being postmenopausal
Having an indwelling urinary catheter (a catheter that is left in the bladder to drain urine)
What are the symptoms of a UTI?
Common symptoms may include:
Increased frequency and urgency of urination
Burning pain during urination
Feeling like your bladder is full after you’ve urinated
Blood in the urine
Fever
Fatigue
Pain in your back or sides
Nausea and/or vomiting
How is a UTI diagnosed?
Your doctor will perform a physical examination and talk with you about your medical history. Your urine will be analyzed and cultured to see if it contains white or red blood cells, bacteria or excess protein (which may indicate kidney stress or damage). If you have recurrent or complicated infections, you may also have imaging tests of your bladder, ureters and kidneys. Another possible test is cystoscopy, in which a tiny telescope is inserted through the urethra to inspect the bladder and the rest of the urinary tract for obstruction.
What are the treatment options for recurrent UTIs?
If you have recurrent UTIs, your doctor may recommend low-dose preventative antibiotics as well as therapies to address other risk factors. For instance, if you’re postmenopausal, vaginal estrogen therapy can help prevent UTIs. If you have diabetes, keeping your blood sugar under control can lower your risk. Some women may benefit from behavioral modification techniques and certain cranberry supplements.